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Godbole Hospital

Thane, India

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Ureteric Cancer

Ureteric cancer, also known as ureteral cancer, is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the ureters, which are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Most ureteric cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinomas, similar to the majority of bladder cancers.

Types:
  • Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC): The most common type, arising from the urothelial cells lining the ureter.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Less common, often associated with chronic irritation or inflammation.
  • Adenocarcinoma: Rare, originating from glandular cells in the ureter.
Risk Factors:
  • Smoking: Significantly increases the risk of urothelial cancers.
  • Chemical Exposure: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as those in the dye, rubber, and leather industries.
  • Chronic Inflammation: Conditions like chronic urinary tract infections or kidney stones can increase the risk.
  • Prior Cancer Treatment: Previous treatment with certain chemotherapy drugs or pelvic radiation.
  • Age and Gender: More common in older adults and men.
  • Personal or Family History: History of bladder cancer or a family history of urothelial cancers.
Symptoms:
  • Hematuria: Blood in the urine, which may be visible or microscopic.
  • Flank Pain: Pain in the side or back, often on one side of the body.
  • Urinary Symptoms: Frequent urination, urgency, or painful urination.
  • Unintended Weight Loss: May occur in advanced cases.
  • Fatigue: Generalized tiredness or weakness.
Diagnosis:
  • Imaging Tests:
    CT Urography: Specialized CT scan to visualize the urinary tract.
    MRI: Detailed imaging, especially useful for assessing the extent of the cancer.
    Ultrasound: Used to detect abnormalities in the kidneys and ureters.
  • Urine Tests:
    Urinalysis: To check for blood and abnormal cells in the urine.
    Urine Cytology: Microscopic examination of urine to detect cancer cells.
  • Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy: Endoscopic procedures to directly visualize the bladder and ureters and obtain biopsy samples.
  • Biopsy: Removal of tissue samples for histological examination to confirm the diagnosis.
Staging:
  • Stage I: Cancer is limited to the inner layer of the ureter.
  • Stage II: Cancer has spread to the muscle layer of the ureter.
  • Stage III: Cancer has spread to the fat surrounding the ureter.
  • Stage IV: Cancer has spread to nearby organs or distant sites (metastasis).